أسئلة وأجوبة
أسئلة وأجوبة
3 متاح 3 • عرض الجميعلقد قدمت للمستأجر إشعارًا بالإخلاء مدته 12 شهرًا لكنه يرفض المغادرة




3
س: مرحبًا،
لقد قدمت إشعارًا قانونيًا مدته 12 شهرًا للمستأجر لإخلاء شقتي.
كان قد وافق على المغادرة عند انتهاء العقد في تاريخ 14 نوفمبر.
لكنه الآن يقول إنه لن يغادر حتى تصبح شقته الجديدة جاهزة.
كيف يمكنني إخلاءه في الموعد المحدد لأنني أحتاج إلى الشقة لاستخدامي الخاص من يوم 15 نوفمبر؟





2022/11/08
1644
من المقرر أن يغادر المستأجر شقتي وسوف يتأخر أسبوعًا




0
س: مرحبًا،
أحتاج إلى بعض النصائح.
من المقرر أن يغادر المستأجر شقتي في نهاية هذا الشهر وفقًا لتواريخ الاتصال.
يقولون الآن أنهم بحاجة إلى أسبوع إضافي قبل الإخلاء بسبب عدم قدرتهم على توفير شركة النقل.
أعتقد بشدة أنهم سوف يؤجرون من الباطن لهذا الأسبوع الإضافي لأن هذا ما فعلوه مع المالك السابق.
أريدهم أن يخرجوا حتى أتمكن من الانتقال في أسرع وقت ممكن. من فضلك ما هي خياراتي لإنجاز هذا؟





2022/11/10
374
What can a landlord do if the tenant refuses to move out despite receiving eviction notice?

2
Q: Dear Sirs,
What can a landlord do if the tenant refuses to move out despite receiving the court notice to vacate 12 months ago?


2023/12/05
415
المدونة القانونية
2 متاح 2 • عرض الجميعإجراءات مركز فض المنازعات الإيجارية في دبي 21
تخضع العلاقة بين المستأجرين ومالكي العقارات في دبي للقانون رقم 33 لعام 2008 بشأن العلاقة بين مالكي ومستأجري العقارات في إمارة دبي. تتم إحالة منازعات الإيجار الناتجة إلى مركز فض المنازعات الإيجارية ("RDSC") الذي تم إنشاؤه بموجب المرسوم رقم 26 لعام 2013 للتوفيق بين الأطراف والوصول إلى حل ودي أو طلب إصدار حكم نهائي وإنفاذه من خلال مركز فض المنازعات الإيجارية.
2018/10/20
21363
ما يلزمك معرفته عند استئجار عقار في الإمارات العربية المتحدة 5
مقال في صورة مقابلة يتناول موضوع العقارات السكنية المُباعة بالتجزئة فيما يتعلق بالمسؤولية عن صيانة الممتلكات العقارية وتداعيات التخلُّف عن سداد الإيجار في الإمارات العربية المتحدة. مقتبس من المدونة الصوتية القانونية للمحامية لودميلا يامالوفا، مؤسسة مشروع لوجيكال مع لايلو.
2020/02/24
3933
قوانين وتشريعات
3 متاح 3 • عرض الجميعLaw No. (26) of 2007 Regulating the Relationship between Landlords and Tenants in the Emirate of Dubai 12
The provisions of this Law apply to real property leased out in the Emirate of Dubai, including vacant and agricultural lands, but excluding hotel establishments and real property provided by natural or legal persons as accommodation to their employees at no charge.
2007/11/26
24290
Law No. (33) of 2008 Amending Law No. (26) of 2007 Regulating the Relationship between Landlords and Tenants in the Emirate of Dubai 8
Provisions of this Law supersede articles (2), (3), (4), (9), (13), (14), (15), (25), (26), (29), and (36) of Law No. (26) of 2007 Regulating the Relationship between Landlords and Tenants in the Emirate of Dubai.
2008/12/01
24954
Decree No. (26) of 2013 Concerning the Rent Disputes Settlement Centre in the Emirate of Dubai 0
This Decree establishes a specialised judicial system to hear rent disputes and develops the procedure for determination of such disputes through an expeditious and simple process for the purpose of realising social and economic stability for all persons involved with the real property rental and other related sectors.
2013/09/18
7292

متميز
إجابة أخرى من
3187 3187 إجابات •
عرض الجميعHow can I cancel my current visa immediately without serving notice? 0
Hello,
I got an offer letter from another company. I want the immediate cancellation paper before 20th April.
I don't have time to submit my notice period registration. What should I do?
Please give me the best advice!
2025/04/04
85
During the notice period, is an employee allowed to take sick leave? 0
Hello,
During the notice period, is an employee allowed to take sick leave? If not, can the employer deduct the sick leave from the employee’s end-of-service benefits?
Additionally, what is the legal basis for this? Specifically, which law or ministerial decision governs this matter?
2025/04/04
139
Can I request reopening a civil case if the judgment was in my absence due to sending notices to the wrong address? 0
Lawyers misunderstood my question. Please read carefully and then guide me.
Case Type: Civil Case
Claim amount: 400,000
Paid: 65,000
Reason: Commercial agreement of supply
Emirate: Ajman
This case was registered in 2022. The judgment was in my absence, as notices were sent to the wrong address.
I was sent to jail. I made a down payment, bailed, and paid some more amount as installments. The total paid amount is AED 65000.
Now, again, an arrest warrant is issued as I did not pay the remaining 335,000 of the claim.
According to me, I had to pay only this amount because the executioner made a wrong claim, not as per the genuine claim.
So I want to reopen the case file.
I want the court to reinvestigate and start the case from scratch.
1) How can I make that request?
2) What documents are required?
3) Chances of reopening of case?
4) Cancellation of arrest warrant
Please guide me in detail, as I will do everything myself, as I cannot afford a lawyer right now.
2025/04/04
73
I booked a hotel stay for Eid through a travel agency and it was canceled two days before Eid. What to do? 0
I booked a hotel stay for Eid through a travel agency two weeks before Eid. The travel agency confirmed the booking on payment.
One day before Eid, the agency reached out, saying they had an issue with the supplier/hotel and the booking would be cancelled.
They offered alternative hotels that didn’t match the original property. I suggested some properties, and they couldn’t arrange them, or they asked for further payment, so I didn’t book anything through them.
What are my rights to a refund and compensation, as I had to book other arrangements separately at a significantly higher cost due to the last-minute prices?
It also caused significant emotional distress, less than 24 hours before the holiday. To which authority can a complaint be made in case of an unsatisfactory outcome?
Both the agency and the hotel are in Dubai.
2025/04/04
67
How can I renew my Ejari if the landlord hasn’t signed the new contract? 0
Hi,
I have been here for 3 years now and paid the increased amount (as per the agreement) for the 4th year.
However, the landlord did not send me back the signed contract, although I have both made the payment for the full year via bank transfer and sent my signed contract to him.
I need to renew my Ejari; however, how can I do it without the landlord's signature?
I have all the previous contracts signed by both parties, along with the Ejari for those contracts.
2025/04/14
12

إجابة أخرى من
56 56 إجابات •
عرض الجميعMy landlord increased my rent more than RERA Index and refused my offer and deposit. What to do? 0
Good morning,
My landlord notified me 90 days before my contract’s end of a 15% rent increase, raising it from AED 55,000 to AED 63,250. However, according to the RERA index, the maximum increase should be 5%. I tried to negotiate, but they refused.
On October 15, I made an offer and deposit of AED 57,250 (including the RERA-approved increase). The judge accepted it, but the landlord rejected it, claiming their other 1-bedroom units rent for AED 75,000.
My contract expired on October 31, 2024. Recently, the landlord emailed saying I’m now staying illegally and will be charged AED 100 per day for not signing a new contract.
Last week, I requested a new contract based on the RERA index, but they responded by refusing my offer and deposit, demanding full payment.
My question:
Should I be concerned, or should I let them pursue a case?
Or just wait and see?
Thank you for your assistance.
2024/11/14
134
The landlord insists on increasing the rent more than RERA Index. What can I do? 0
Hi everyone,
I’m facing an issue with my rental situation and would appreciate any advice.
I purchased a company in July that’s renting a shop space, and the tenancy contract (under the company’s name) is ending on November 22.
The landlord is insisting on a 40% rent increase, even though the RERA Index clearly indicates a 0% increase for this area.
I’ve informed the landlord that this increase isn’t in line with RERA regulations, requested a new contract, and asked him to come by to collect the cheques—but he’s been unresponsive.
To protect our position, I filed an offer and deposit with the rental dispute center, but it was automatically closed because the landlord didn’t respond.
My question is: what should I do next?
Filing a case for renewal will cost 5% of the rent, which is a significant amount right now.
Are there any alternatives to proceed without incurring that cost, or any other steps to ensure the landlord adheres to the regulated rental terms?
2024/11/14
330
Is it mandatory for a self-represented applicant to sign the memorandum of defense in a civil dispute? 0
Dear Lawyers,
Is it mandatory for a memorandum of defense to be signed by an applicant representing themselves without an attorney in a civil dispute in Dubai?
If not, what are the potential consequences of submitting a memorandum of defense without a signature?
Thank you!
2024/10/14
63
Can an innocent person's name be dropped during the investigation before court referral? 0
Hello Experts!
Kindly assist with the below:
In a penal case that is still at the investigation stage, if your statement was taken and they realized you are truly innocent, with your name included only by association, is there a chance that your name can be dropped before being referred to court?
Or does the fact that they took your statement mean you must appear in court?
2024/10/15
124
How can a wife file for khula when she is financially dependent on her husband? 0
Dear Lawyers,
How can a wife file for khula when she is financially dependent on her husband and has no funds to support it?
2024/10/14
167

متميز
إجابة أخرى من
70 70 إجابات •
عرض الجميعWe performed services as the official channel partner for a free zone that did not pay our commission. What to do? 0
Hello everyone,
I’m seeking professional legal opinions regarding an ongoing dispute we are facing with a free zone authority in the UAE.
We are an official channel partner for the Free Zone and have generated several clients and successful business registrations through our efforts.
Despite fulfilling our responsibilities as per the agreement, the Free Zone has not released our due commission.
It's been several months now, and we've experienced repeated delays, vague justifications, and non-committal responses from their end. It appears they are intentionally using delaying tactics.
We are exploring our legal options now and would appreciate guidance on the following:
What legal steps can be taken in such a case in the UAE?
Is this considered a breach of contract or unfair commercial practice?
Would it be advisable to send a legal notice first, or directly approach the relevant dispute resolution authority?
2025/04/08
66
Can I take legal action for unpaid salary and gratuity after leaving my previous job? 0
Hello,
I am writing to seek your advice regarding an issue with my previous employer. I resigned from the company due to the non-payment of my salary and gratuity for the past 8 months.
I have since joined a new company, and my employment with my previous employer has been officially canceled.
I would like to know if I can still file a case or recover my unpaid salary and gratuity from them, despite my employment with them having ended.
I would appreciate your guidance on the next steps and any legal actions I can pursue to recover the owed amounts.
Thank you for your time and assistance!
2025/04/08
94
I bought a property and the seller sent the tenant an eviction notice but he refuses to leave. What to do? 0
I bought an investment property last year on the condition that the landlord serve the 12-month notice specifically for the purpose of selling the unit and gave the tenant the notice.
The landlord sent a court notice of 12 months for selling the property which was sold to me.
Plus at the time of renewing the lease with the new landlord (myself) during these 12 months. It was mentioned in the contract that the landlord will not renew.
It was also mentioned that the validity of the contract is until the date of court notice.
The landlord sold the property as per the notice.
The tenant got their 12 months. Now the tenant is refusing.
2025/03/24
78
Is a 3-month notice for non-renewal of our warehouse lease valid? 0
Hello,
We would like to ask for legal advice. Our company is currently renting a warehouse, and our contract ends in June. We have just received an email from the landlord stating that they do not wish to renew our contract once it expires.
Please note that we were informed through a regular email, not via an Emirates Post registered email or Dubai Courts. They mentioned that they will use the warehouse for their own purposes.
May I know if this is allowed, considering we were given only three months' notice?
As I understand, a one-year notice is required for eviction. Does our case fall under eviction?
I look forward to your response, as we would like to explore our options.
2025/03/08
69
Can I serve a vacating notice shorter than 12 months to my tenant if I am selling the property? 0
Hello,
I would like to serve a vacating notice to my tenant, as I am selling the property.
Is there any way to serve a notice shorter than 12 months?
What is the process, and what is the normal cost involved?
2025/02/13
69

متميز
إجابة أخرى من
1585 1585 إجابات •
عرض الجميعCan a Pakistani expat register a second marriage in the UAE without disclosing the first? 0
Hello,
I want to know the UAE rules regarding second marriage for expats. I am a Pakistani national and already have a wife back in my home country.
Now, I want to do a second marriage in the UAE with a Moroccan girl. Can you please let me know the procedure involved?
Can I get my marriage registered in the UAE? Is it mandatory to disclose the first marriage? I am on an employment visa in Dubai.
2025/04/07
133
Missing business partner since 2003. What to do about his share in the LLC? 0
Hello,
I am a manager of an LLC company with 25% share. In February 2003, a partner joined the company with a 25% share.
After two months, he didn’t like the company and left. After two years, we did not know where he was. We just heard that he left to Tunisia before his visa expired.
What to do with his 25% share, please?
2025/04/07
127
I got a work permit and entry from a Dubai employer for work. What documents do I need to carry? 0
I got a work permit and entry from a Dubai employer for work.
During the travel to Dubai, do I need to show any accommodation proof, return ticket, or anything?
What documents do I need to carry?
2025/04/14
21
My company has filed a case against a client for failure to pay and bounced cheque. How to follow up? 0
Hello.
My company has filed a case against a client for failure to pay and a bounced cheque. The client's company is registered as a virtual office in the Creative City Free Zone in Fujairah, so our case is filed there.
The client basically purchased some equipment from us, and his payment via bank transfer did not go through and was rejected. Then, when we deposited his security cheque after multiple attempts to contact and no answer, the cheque bounced.
The company is under his wife's name, and we have filed a case on the same.
The court has accepted our application, however, they have instructed the execution bureau to get the Emirates ID of this authorised signatory. The bureau is asking us to get it, and we have no way to do so, unfortunately.
Without the Emirates ID, the court cannot freeze the bank accounts or put a travel ban, etc.
What are our options here?
2025/04/14
12
I received a legal notice to pay rent and cleared the amount. Can the landlord ask me to pat late fees penalty? 0
I received a legal notice to pay rent.
I have already cleared the amount specified in the legal notice, but my landlord is now saying that I also need to clear further late fees as per our contract within the legal notice time period.
Is that valid if it is not stated in the notice?
2025/04/14
6

متميز
إجابة أخرى من
37 37 إجابات •
عرض الجميعWhat is the legal process of acquiring 50% ownership stake in a local company in Dubai? 0
A local company in Dubai intends to acquire a 50% ownership stake in an auto repair business currently owned by an individual (100%).
We are seeking professional legal advisory services to guide us through the acquisition process.
2025/04/11
70
What is the statute of limitations for filing a civil lawsuit in the UAE? 0
Hello,
What is the statute of limitations for filing a civil lawsuit in the UAE?
2025/01/21
185
What can I do if my company terminated me without warning while I'm on probation? 0
Dear Sir/Madam,
My company terminated me with no written warning last April 5, and they said I need to work up until April 30 to receive my pay, but until now, they're holding it.
Can someone help me with what I can do, please? And is it right to terminate me with no warning?
I'm under probation with the company; I've been working with them for four months.
2024/05/14
195
How to implement the divorce judgment and claim alimony and custody? 0
First instance divorce judgment has been provided based on Article 7 of Federal Law 41 of 2022 and based on Article 133 of the Civil Procedures Code - the defendant was requested to pay expenses and fees.
Later, I received a notification to apply for implementation of the ruling and execution proceedings!
What action is required from the plaintiff?
Under Article 133 of the civil procedure code, can compensation for damage be claimed? And what type of evidence must be submitted?
Within how many days must the implementation of the ruling and execution proceedings be raised by the plaintiff to the court?
What are the rights, roles, and responsibilities of husband and wife regarding child custody and child support based on the above judgment?
2024/03/15
133
Can a bank recover unpaid credit card dues after 6 years in the UAE? 0
Hello,
I would like to know if the bank can claim recovery after 6 years of not paying credit card dues in the UAE.
2024/03/15
1117

إجابة أخرى من
12 12 إجابات •
عرض الجميعSending a legal notice without the person's Emirates ID or passport copy 0
Dear Sir/Madam,
Is it possible to send a legal notice to someone even though I don't have a copy of his Emirates ID or passport, but I only know his full name and office address?
2024/02/01
336
How can I claim money I lent to my cousin to start business and is not returning back? 0
My cousin who lives in Dubai took around AED 280000 from me on December 2023 for business and he told me that within one month he would return the money back with profits.
Now it's been almost a year he has not returned my money back. I have no written contract. The only proof I have is WhatsApp chats, videos, and voice messages of him that he received money from me and that he would return it back within one month.
In August 2023 I told him that if you don't return my money, then I would hire a lawyer and do a case. Then his father returned almost 20% of the amount back in August 2023 and told me the remaining amount I would receive from them by the end of November or December 2023.
But now they are not giving me the money and telling me to go to the police or hire a lawyer, file a case do whatever I want to do.
Kindly please advise me if hiring a lawyer in Dubai will be helpful or not. Will I be able to recover my money in Dubai in a legal way in such a case?
2024/01/10
200
How can I get a police clearance certificate from Dubai if I left with unsettled bank debts? 0
I need help in getting a police clearance from Dubai. I left the UAE in 2018 and left my bank debts unsettled.
Can someone please help me understand how I can negotiate my situation in the most reasonable way?
Thank you
2024/01/31
101
كيف يمكنني إنهاء قضية شرطية للحصول على شهادة حسن سيرة ذاتية من خارج الإمارات؟ 0
مرحباً سيدي/سيدتي،
أحتاج إلى الحصول على شهادة حسن سيرة ذاتية.
غادرت دبي عام ٢٠١٨، وأُبلغت بضرورة إنهاء قضية شرطة في مركز شرطة نايف للحصول على رصيد بنكي (أقل من ١٠,٠٠٠ درهم إماراتي) قبل التقدم بطلب الحصول على شهادة حسن سيرة ذاتية.
بما أنني خارج الإمارات، كيف يمكنني الحصول على تمثيل قانوني وإنجاز قضيتي للحصول على شهادة حسن سيرة ذاتية؟
شكراً!
2023/10/01
254
How to check if I have an absconding/travel/labor ban in UAE? 0
Dear Sir/Madam,
I need to check if there is any absconding/travel/labor ban on me.
I was in Dubai in 2015 and left the job in 2 months due to a family emergency.
2023/07/18
375

إجابة أخرى من
367 367 إجابات •
عرض الجميعI purchased a rented apartment in Abu Dhabi. Can I evict the tenant immediately if there is no Tawtheeq contact? 0
I recently purchased a rented apartment in Abu Dhabi and agreed to honor the existing lease. After the transfer, I discovered that the lease is not a Tawtheeq contract, meaning it is not officially registered.
Since I am not receiving rent (as it was a non-refundable arrangement with the seller), I prefer not to issue a new Tawtheeq. I also want to avoid a formal notice to vacate to prevent disputes, as I plan to move in.
However, I have already informed the tenant that I will not be renewing the lease. I need legal advice on the implications of proceeding without a Tawtheeq contract.
What are my risks, especially if the tenant refuses to move out?
What legal actions, if any, can the tenant take in this situation?
2025/03/25
59
I was evicted from my apartment to be sold but it was gifted and rented at a higher price. What can I do? 0
I was evicted from my apartment after living there for five years. My landlord informed me a year in advance that the lease would not be renewed because he intended to sell the property.
Prior to this, he attempted to impose a rent increase that was not compliant with RERA regulations, which I refused to accept. He then served me with an official Dubai Court eviction notice, citing the need to take back the property for sale.
Five months after I moved out, I discovered the property was rented out at a much higher price. Upon further investigation, I found that the ownership was transferred as a "Gift" rather than a sale.
This makes it seem like the eviction was only to raise the rent rather than a genuine need to sell.
Do I have a valid case for wrongful eviction against my landlord?
Also, under Dubai law, does transferring ownership as a "Gift" hold the same legal grounds as selling in justifying eviction?
2024/12/18
90
What to do if you get terminated and denied gratuity for a minor mistake? 0
My brother has been working for a company for 11 years. In the last 3 weeks, he had an incident/accident and scratched a plane since he only had 1 person to assist him as the company was not hiring enough people.
Senior staff like him are working more to train inexperienced new hires which adds to their workload working almost 12 hours/day including travel to DWC.
The pilot said it was aesthetic and could be painted over but a police investigation ensued. Last week 3 managers and HR talked him down as the investigation concluded.
He was terminated immediately with only this month's pay and his 11-year gratuity will not be given by the company. It was not gross negligence or malicious intent, he just didn’t have enough people to help him.
He owned up to the mistake and reported the incident within 24 hours. Can he fight for the gratuity?
2025/01/13
86
How can a person under a deportation grant a POA to a trusted person for managing his assets? 0
A person currently under a deportation order wishes to appoint a trusted person with Power of Attorney (POA) to manage their financial and legal matters, including access to their bank account and other obligations.
What is the process for obtaining and registering a POA in this situation?
Can it be done while they are still in custody, and what steps should they follow to ensure?
Please help.
2025/01/14
87
Does it matter whether the cheque was issued to an individual or a company? 0
Hello,
What legal recourse is available in the UAE for a cheque bounce?
Does it matter whether the cheque was issued to an individual or a company?
Does the value of the cheque affect the legal action or process?
2025/01/06
92

متميز
إجابة أخرى من
669 669 إجابات •
عرض الجميعHow can I cancel my current visa immediately without serving notice? 0
Hello,
I got an offer letter from another company. I want the immediate cancellation paper before 20th April.
I don't have time to submit my notice period registration. What should I do?
Please give me the best advice!
2025/04/04
85
During the notice period, is an employee allowed to take sick leave? 0
Hello,
During the notice period, is an employee allowed to take sick leave? If not, can the employer deduct the sick leave from the employee’s end-of-service benefits?
Additionally, what is the legal basis for this? Specifically, which law or ministerial decision governs this matter?
2025/04/04
139
I booked a hotel stay for Eid through a travel agency and it was canceled two days before Eid. What to do? 0
I booked a hotel stay for Eid through a travel agency two weeks before Eid. The travel agency confirmed the booking on payment.
One day before Eid, the agency reached out, saying they had an issue with the supplier/hotel and the booking would be cancelled.
They offered alternative hotels that didn’t match the original property. I suggested some properties, and they couldn’t arrange them, or they asked for further payment, so I didn’t book anything through them.
What are my rights to a refund and compensation, as I had to book other arrangements separately at a significantly higher cost due to the last-minute prices?
It also caused significant emotional distress, less than 24 hours before the holiday. To which authority can a complaint be made in case of an unsatisfactory outcome?
Both the agency and the hotel are in Dubai.
2025/04/04
67
Can I request reopening a civil case if the judgment was in my absence due to sending notices to the wrong address? 0
Lawyers misunderstood my question. Please read carefully and then guide me.
Case Type: Civil Case
Claim amount: 400,000
Paid: 65,000
Reason: Commercial agreement of supply
Emirate: Ajman
This case was registered in 2022. The judgment was in my absence, as notices were sent to the wrong address.
I was sent to jail. I made a down payment, bailed, and paid some more amount as installments. The total paid amount is AED 65000.
Now, again, an arrest warrant is issued as I did not pay the remaining 335,000 of the claim.
According to me, I had to pay only this amount because the executioner made a wrong claim, not as per the genuine claim.
So I want to reopen the case file.
I want the court to reinvestigate and start the case from scratch.
1) How can I make that request?
2) What documents are required?
3) Chances of reopening of case?
4) Cancellation of arrest warrant
Please guide me in detail, as I will do everything myself, as I cannot afford a lawyer right now.
2025/04/04
73
If a bank has filed an execution cheques case through the Dubai Courts. Is a travel ban automatically applied? 0
A bank has filed an execution cheques case through the Dubai Courts due to nonpayment of a personal loan and credit card.
Is a travel ban automatically applied?
I looked on the Dubai Courts website, and it says the judge has issued a “reserved” order for my case.
Furthermore, when the bank emails, they threaten me with a travel ban. So I am assuming there is no travel ban issued (but I don’t know). I haven’t received any notice of a travel ban.
If there is a travel ban, how do I find out?
I have checked the Dubai police app, and there are no financial crimes against me.
Please advise if you know.
2025/04/04
145
احصل على عروض أسعار من محامين
ابحث عن المحامي المناسب لاحتياجاتك القانونية.
أرسل طلبك واحصل على عدة
عروض تنافسية من
محامين مؤهلين.
أسئلة شائعة
عرض الجميع هل تبحث عن شيء آخر؟
اطلب استشارة من محامٍ