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Public limited company
A company that trades on the stock market, has a minimum share capital of £50,000 and is governed by a strict set of rules. They are required to publish a true financial position so investors can determine the exact worth of any shares that they hold in the company. They carry the letters PLC after their name. Legal dictionary
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Unlawful
When applied to promises, agreements or contracts, the term denotes that such agreements have no legal effect. The law disapproves of such conduct because it is immoral or contrary to public policy. Unlawful does not necessarily imply criminality, although the term is sufficiently broad to include it. Legal dictionary
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Conspiracy
A secret agreement between two or more persons made for the purpose of committing, by their joint efforts, some unlawful or criminal act, or some act which is in itself innocent, but which becomes unlawful when done by the concerted action of the conspirators, or for the purpose of using unlawful or criminal means to the commission of an act not in itself unlawful. Legal dictionary
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Balance of probabilities
Evidence which is more convincing than evidence that is offered in opposition to it; standard of proof in civil cases requiring that one side’s case must be more likely than not when deciding on liability. Legal dictionary
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واجب النفاذ
قرار قضائي ملزم للأطراف المتنازعة ويتم تنفيذه ولو بالقوة الجبرية، ويصبح القرار نافذًا إذا انقضى ميعاد المعارضة أو الاستئناف دون رفعهما، أو بالحكم فيهما إذا رُفعا. Legal dictionary
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Punitive damages
Punitive damages, also known as exemplary damages, may be awarded by a judge in addition to actual damages, which compensate the claimant for the losses suffered due to the harm caused by the defendant. Punitive damages are a way of punishing the defendant in a civil case and are based on the theory that the interests of society and the individual harmed can be met by imposing additional damages on the wrongdoer. Legal dictionary
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Unconscionable
A doctrine in contract law that describes terms that are so extremely unjust, or overwhelmingly one-sided in favour of the party that has the superior bargaining position, that they are contrary to good conscience. Such terms would usually make the contract unenforceable because no reasonable or informed person would otherwise agree to them. Legal dictionary
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Passing off
A common law tort that prevents one person from misrepresenting his or her goods or services as being the goods or services of the claimant, and also prevents one person from holding out his or her goods or services as having some association or connection with the claimant when it is not true. A cause of action for passing off is a form of intellectual property enforcement against the unauthorised use of a trademark which is considered to be similar to another party’s registered or unregistered trademark, particularly where an action for trademark infringement based on a registered trademark is unlikely to be successful (due to the differences between the registered trademark and the unregistered trademark). Legal dictionary
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أمر قضائي
حكم يصدر من المحكمة أو النيابة بإلزام شخص بفعل شيء أو الامتناع عن شيء. Legal dictionary
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Kangaroo court
A judicial tribunal or assembly that blatantly disregards recognised standards of law and justice, and often carries little or no official standing in the territory within which it resides. The term may also apply to a court held by a legitimate judicial authority which intentionally disregards the court’s legal or ethical obligations. It usually occurs in circumstances where the intention is to give the appearance of a fair and just trial, even though the verdict has in reality already been decided before the trial has begun. Legal dictionary
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دليل إدانة
برهان تقدمه النيابة للمحكمة لإثبات جرم المتهم بهدف توقيع العقوبة المقررة قانونًا على المتهم. Legal dictionary
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لجوء
صفة قانونية تمنح لشخص حق الحماية الدولية بسبب مغادرته لوطنه خوفًا من التنكيل أو القتل بسبب مواقفه السياسية أو بسبب جنسه أو ديانته، أو بسبب عجز دولته عن حماية حقوقه الإنسانية. Legal dictionary
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عقد وكالة
اتفاق بين طرفين على قيام أحدهما (الموكل إليه) بعمل قانوني لحساب الطرف الآخر (الموكّل)، وينص عقد الوكالة على نسبة عمولة الموكل إليه، والشروط الجزائية، وطريقة إنهاء العقد عند الحاجة. Legal dictionary
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Floating charge
Is a security interest over a fund of changing assets of a company or a limited liability partnership (LLP) which ‘floats’ or ‘hovers’ until the point at which it is converted into a fixed charge, at which point the charge attaches to a specific asset of the company or LLP. This conversion into a fixed charge is called crystallisation and can be triggered by a number of events, including non-payment or the commencement of insolvency proceedings. Legal dictionary
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Interrogatories
A series of questions addressed to the other party in proceedings intended to elicit answers to issues in the proceedings, which must be answered in writing and usually under oath. Legal dictionary
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