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واجب النفاذ
قرار قضائي ملزم للأطراف المتنازعة ويتم تنفيذه ولو بالقوة الجبرية، ويصبح القرار نافذًا إذا انقضى ميعاد المعارضة أو الاستئناف دون رفعهما، أو بالحكم فيهما إذا رُفعا. Legal dictionary
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Punitive damages
Punitive damages, also known as exemplary damages, may be awarded by a judge in addition to actual damages, which compensate the claimant for the losses suffered due to the harm caused by the defendant. Punitive damages are a way of punishing the defendant in a civil case and are based on the theory that the interests of society and the individual harmed can be met by imposing additional damages on the wrongdoer. Legal dictionary
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Unconscionable
A doctrine in contract law that describes terms that are so extremely unjust, or overwhelmingly one-sided in favour of the party that has the superior bargaining position, that they are contrary to good conscience. Such terms would usually make the contract unenforceable because no reasonable or informed person would otherwise agree to them. Legal dictionary
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Passing off
A common law tort that prevents one person from misrepresenting his or her goods or services as being the goods or services of the claimant, and also prevents one person from holding out his or her goods or services as having some association or connection with the claimant when it is not true. A cause of action for passing off is a form of intellectual property enforcement against the unauthorised use of a trademark which is considered to be similar to another party’s registered or unregistered trademark, particularly where an action for trademark infringement based on a registered trademark is unlikely to be successful (due to the differences between the registered trademark and the unregistered trademark). Legal dictionary
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أمر قضائي
حكم يصدر من المحكمة أو النيابة بإلزام شخص بفعل شيء أو الامتناع عن شيء. Legal dictionary
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Kangaroo court
A judicial tribunal or assembly that blatantly disregards recognised standards of law and justice, and often carries little or no official standing in the territory within which it resides. The term may also apply to a court held by a legitimate judicial authority which intentionally disregards the court’s legal or ethical obligations. It usually occurs in circumstances where the intention is to give the appearance of a fair and just trial, even though the verdict has in reality already been decided before the trial has begun. Legal dictionary
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دليل إدانة
برهان تقدمه النيابة للمحكمة لإثبات جرم المتهم بهدف توقيع العقوبة المقررة قانونًا على المتهم. Legal dictionary
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لجوء
صفة قانونية تمنح لشخص حق الحماية الدولية بسبب مغادرته لوطنه خوفًا من التنكيل أو القتل بسبب مواقفه السياسية أو بسبب جنسه أو ديانته، أو بسبب عجز دولته عن حماية حقوقه الإنسانية. Legal dictionary
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عقد وكالة
اتفاق بين طرفين على قيام أحدهما (الموكل إليه) بعمل قانوني لحساب الطرف الآخر (الموكّل)، وينص عقد الوكالة على نسبة عمولة الموكل إليه، والشروط الجزائية، وطريقة إنهاء العقد عند الحاجة. Legal dictionary
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Floating charge
Is a security interest over a fund of changing assets of a company or a limited liability partnership (LLP) which ‘floats’ or ‘hovers’ until the point at which it is converted into a fixed charge, at which point the charge attaches to a specific asset of the company or LLP. This conversion into a fixed charge is called crystallisation and can be triggered by a number of events, including non-payment or the commencement of insolvency proceedings. Legal dictionary
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Interrogatories
A series of questions addressed to the other party in proceedings intended to elicit answers to issues in the proceedings, which must be answered in writing and usually under oath. Legal dictionary
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Vicarious liability
A strict form of secondary liability that arises under the doctrine of agency – the responsibility of the superior for the acts of their subordinate, or, more broadly, the responsibility of any third party that had the right, ability or duty to control the actions of a violator. Legal dictionary
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Grandfather clause
A provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases. Those exempt from the new rule are said to have grandfather rights or acquired rights. Frequently, the exemption is limited; it may extend for a set period of time, or it may be lost under certain circumstances. Legal dictionary
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قانون عام
القواعد والقوانين المنظمة لعلاقة الدولة مع هيئاتها وسلطاتها المختلفة وعلاقة الدولة بالأفراد، ويشمل القانون الإداري، والقانون الدستوري والقانون الجنائي Legal dictionary
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مسؤولية محدودة
شركة يكون فيها الشركاء مسؤولون عن ديون الشركة بقدر حصصهم من رأس المال، وتعتبر الذمة المالية للشركة منفصلة عن الذمة المالية للشركاء، ولا يزيد عدد الشركاء في هذه الشركة عن خمسين شريكًا. Legal dictionary
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