Lebanon Legal Resources - Legal Advice Middle East

Eviction

The removal a tenant from possession of a premises in which he or she resides or has a property interest carried by a landlord either by re-entry on the premises or by court action.

Vandalism

Action involving the deliberate destruction of or damage to public or private property. It includes the use of graffiti and defacement directed towards any property without the permission of the owner.

Estoppel

A doctrine that prevents someone from carrying out actions, or making statements or promises that are the opposite of what that person has earlier said, promised or otherwise implied or done, or go against a finding of a court of law, especially when this would result in loss or harm to another person.

DLD

DLD stands for Dubai Land Department, a government entity established on January 24, 1960, to handle all matters related to the legalization of real estate transactions in the Emirate of Dubai. On September 18, 2013, H.H. Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Ruler of Dubai, issued the Law No. (7) of 2013 Concerning the Land Department which defines objectives of DLD as the government entity responsible for regulation and registration of real estate property and promotion of real estate investment. The department also actively develops the necessary legislation to propel the real estate sector in Dubai and distributes knowledge in real estate. Today, DLD provides more than 160 services going beyond just registration and titling. Organisational structure of Dubai Land Department includes: Real Estate Registration which documents and retains real estate rights in the land registry system (the registration arm); Real Estate Regulatory Agency (RERA) which regulates the real estate sector in the emirate (the regulatory arm); Real Estate Investment Management & Promotion Center supports national and international real estate investors, develops the real estate investment environment and promotes direct and long-term investments (the investment arm); Rental Disputes Settlement Center (also known as Rental Committee) which deals with rent disputes arising between those involved in the real property rental sector and other related sectors (the judicial arm); Dubai Real Estate Institute (DREI) which aims to create, spread and sustain real estate knowledge in the market (the educational arm).

Offer

A demonstration of the willingness of a party to enter into a bargain, made in such a way that another individual is justified in understanding that his or her assent to the bargain is invited and that such assent will conclude the bargain. The general rule is that it must be reasonable in the circumstances for the recipient to believe that the communication is an offer. The more definite the communication, the more likely it will constitute an offer.

RERA

RERA stands for Dubai Real Estate Regulatory Agency, a government agency, the regulatory arm of Dubai Land Department. RERA was founded on July 31, 2007, by virtue of Dubai Law No. (16) of 2007 Establishing the Real Estate Regulatory Agency. The primary objective of the Agency is to regulate the real estate sector in the Emirate of Dubai by contributing to the preparation of strategies related to the industry and to the development and implementation of the required action plans, including setting legislation regulating the relationship between contracting parties in the real estate market. RERA involved in planning, organising and evaluating operations related to real estate licenses, organisation and development of real estate activities, monitoring property development projects financially and technically, to protect investors.

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مدعى عليه

الشخص الذي يقوم المدعي بتوجيه تهمة أو أكثر إليه أمام السلطات المختصة، ويطلق عليه أيضًا لفظ "المتهم" في الدعاوى الجنائية.

Mens rea

Latin for ‘a guilty mind’, it is criminal intention or knowledge that an act committed by the perpetrator of a crime is wrong.

استئناف

طعن على حكم ابتدائي لإعادة النظر فيه مرة أخرى لعدم رضى المدعي عليه بالحكم، ويتم أمام محاكم الاستئناف. وتعد محكمة الاستئناف هي المعنية بإثبات الحكم أو إلغائه أو الزيادة عليه.

Proportionality

A general principle in law that covers several related concepts. It is used as a criterion of fairness and justice in statutory interpretation processes, and as a logical method to assist in establishing the correct balance between the restriction imposed by a corrective measure and the severity of the nature of the prohibited act. In criminal law, it is used to convey the view that the punishment of the offender should fit the crime.

Infraction

A breach of an obligation in a contract or a violation of the law or regulation for which the consequences or the penalty which is appropriate is minor, such as a parking infraction.

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Intentional

An act or a failure to act which is carried out with reason and purpose.

Amicus curiae

A party that is not involved in the litigation at hand but is allowed by the court to advise on a matter of law or policy directly affecting the litigation.

Contempt of court

Open disrespect for or wilful disobedience of the authority of a court of law or legislative body, usually punishable by sanctions such as a fine or imprisonment.

Express contract

A contract in which all elements of a contract are specifically stated (offer, acceptance and consideration), and the terms are set out, as compared with an implied contract in which the existence of the contract is assumed by the circumstances.

Prima facie

Literally, ‘on the face of it’. It is commonly used to signify that upon initial examination, sufficient corroborating evidence appears to exist to support a case.

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